3000 tifoso fan (in sports, entertainment, etc.), supporter. From Latin typhus, which has entered English. Suffix -oso is equivalent to -ous in English. A person catching typhus has fever, hence the sense of enthusiasm, typical of a fan. Example, tifoso di calcio (“soccer / football fan”).

3009 carenza deficiency, shortage, lack, mancanza. From Latin carentia (“lacking”). Cognate with caret (a proofreading mark “^” indicating missing a word), Spanish carecer (“to lack”) and French carence (“lack”, “deficiency”). Example, carenza di vitamina D / di cibo (“vitamin D deficiency / food shortage”).

3012 gridare to shout, to cry, to scream, to yell, to call. From Latin *critare (“to cry”). Cognate with cry, Spanish gritar and French crier (“to cry”). Alternatively, as a mnemonic, imagine a person shouting a greeting to you, or associate the traders shouting at the New York Stock Exchange with greed. Example, gridare forte / a gran voce (“to shout out loud”).

3014 affiancare to put side by side; to help, to support. From a- + fianco (“flank”) + -are. Just like English stand by someone, this Italian word, which literally means “to put / be on the side” can mean “to support”. Note Italian fi- is from Latin fl-, so this word is completely unrelated to English affiance (“to be betrothed”), fiancé. Example, affiancare un’iniziativa (“to support an initiative”). See also fianco.

3016 patria homeland, home country, fatherland, motherland, birth country. From Latin patria (“fatherland”). Cognate with patriot, Spanish patria and French patrie (“homeland”), with the first element of patriarchal. It’s interesting that its Latin or Ancient Greek etymon is about the father, but the words in Romance languages today are translated as either “fatherland” or “motherland”.

3018 improvviso sudden, abrupt, unexpected.

4403 improvvisamente suddenly. From Latin improvisus (“unseen”, “unforeseen”), from in- (“un-”) + pro- (“fore-”) + visus (“seen”). Cognate with improvise. Example, un cane è apparso all’improvviso / improvvisamente (“a dog suddenly appeared”).

3024 dito finger. From Latin digitus (“finger”). Cognate with digit, Spanish dígito (“numberal digit”) and dedo (“finger”), French doigt (“finger”). Apparently, Italian dropped -gi- and English dropped the inflection from Latin. Alternatively, as a mnemonic, imagine a toddler pointing his finger to something while uttering gibberish “dito”. The plural of this word is regularly diti, but when referring to fingers as a collection i.e. using the word as a mass noun, the plural is dita; as a general rule in a Romance language, if there’s an option, the feminine form tends to have a more abstract sense. Example, la mano umana ha cinque dita (“the human hand has five fingers”).

3025 arricchire to enrich. From a- + ricco (“rich”) + -ire. Sometimes Italian uses prefix a- to mean “to make or enable”, also seen in allargare (“to widen”).

3026 congiunto (adj.) joined, joint, conjunct. Example, affidamento / comunicato congiunto (“joint custody / statement”).

3027 Inghilterra England. From Old English Engeland, where -land is translated as terra (“land”).

3032 moneta coin; currency; small change; money, soldi, denaro. From Latin moneta (“coin”; “money”). Cognate with money, Spanish moneda (“coin”; “currency”), French monnaie (“currency”, “money”). Note the meaning is not limited to “money”. Examples, lanciare una moneta (“to toss a coin”); non ho moneta (“I have no change”; for “I have no money”, it’s better to say non ho soldi / denaro instead); carta moneta / cartamoneta (“paper money”).

3033 auspicare to hope, sperare, augurare. Cognate with auspicious (“of good omen”). Example, ci si auspica che (“it is hoped that”, si spera che).

3043 bacino (geography) basin; (nautical) dock; pelvis. From Latin bacchinon (“basin”). Cognate with basin, Spanish bacín (“little bowl”), French bassin (“basin”; “bowl”). If you pronounce c of bacino as /s/, you’ll see the cognation. Not to be confused with bacio (“kiss”). Examples, bacino idrico (“reservoir”, literally “hydrolic basin”); bacino di utenza (“catchment basin / area”); si è fratturato il bacino (“he fractured his pelvis”).

3049 ovunque everywhere, anywhere, wherever. From ove (“where”, literary or archaic) + -unque (suffix for an indefinite sense). The suffix or ending also occurs in comunque (“anyway”; “however”), dunque (“therefore”), qualunque (“any”, “whatever”), etc. English tends to use “any” for these senses. The literary ove is easy if you realize dove (“where”) literally meant “from where” back in Latin, where de (d- in Italian dove) meant “from”. Examples, vedo macchine ovunque (“I see cars everywhere”); ovunque tu vada (“wherever / anywhere you go”).