---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PeuDDuhdq 2025-02-15 除了“致仕”,还有“致政”(如《禮記·王制》“七十致政”)、“致位”(如蔡邕《胡公碑》“致位就第”),都是“还禄位于君”即退休。“致”本义是“给”“送”,但在这些词组中是“送还”、give back的意思。不过“致位”也有“达到某种职位”的意思,百度举例唐·武元衡《赠窦三中丞》诗“报恩如皎日,致位等青云。” 评““致仕”不是当官” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PetjJz2Bj 2025-02-15 【咬文嚼字】文言“众”训“从”? 汉·贾谊《治安策》https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%89%E7%AD%96/5835717 “屠牛坦一朝解十二牛,而芒刃不顿者,所排击剥割,皆众理解也……今诸侯王皆众髋髀也”(屠牛坦一早晨宰割了十二头牛,而屠刀的锋刃并不变钝,这是因为他所刮剔割剥的,都是顺着肉的肌理下刀……如今的诸侯王好比是胯骨、大腿骨)。 没有搜到任何网页、书、杂志单独解释“皆众理解”中的“众”字,所有白话翻译都解释为“顺着”,那么一个合理的推测便是“众”即“从”。但查遍《古代汉语词典》《《古代汉语虚词词典》《古书虚字集释》《词诠》《经传释词》《助字辨略》也没有找到这种说法,难道发现了一个新的文言虚词?这显得荒唐,尤其鉴于孤证不立。并且,上古“众”“从”属不同的韵。“众”可作虚词,训“终”而非“从”,如《论衡》“举世为佞者,皆以祸众”。假如在《治安策》“皆众理解”中也作此理解,那么翻译仍然能通,即为“都终究顺着肉的肌理而解”,其中“理”作状语,好比作名词的“理”前面省略“从”(顺着、沿着)。但这有个小问题:“皆终”不大可能,暂未搜到第二例,一般会说“终皆”。 原文后面不远处有“今诸侯王皆众髋髀”,其中“众”明显是“众多”。那么,“皆众理解”中的“众”也作“众多”解如何?不合适,因为“皆众”不通,当为“众皆”,而且如此理解的“皆众理解”中成了形容词的“众”后的名词会成问题。 综合考虑,“皆众理解”的“众”训“从”不合适,除非今后能在浩瀚典籍中找到第二例。目前暂时解释为“终”较为合理,而汉译“都是顺着肉的肌理下刀”不妨改为“都终究是顺着肉的肌理而下刀/解开”。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/Peao01k2q 2025-02-13 地名有争议时不妨采用不讨好任何一方的名字,比如墨西哥湾可改名叫Gulf of Chalchiuhtlicue,汉译为查尔奇乌特利奎湾,也可意译为翡翠裙湾。查尔奇乌特利奎是阿兹特克的河湖女神。改叫“中国海”也行,16世纪的西班牙殖民者以为他们到了东亚,就叫这片水域为Mare Cathaynum。另一个办法是双方名字各取一点,比如叫Gulf of Mexam或Ammex,前者更好,因为西班牙殖民者先来先取名 评“谷歌公司公告称,已按特朗普的政令,遵循GNIS(地理名称信息系统),在美国将“墨西哥湾”正式更名为“美国湾”。” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/Pe1cH9MO5 2025-02-12 从IT从业者的角度写了篇文章On Mistake Avoidance(关于避免错误)。Medium练级https://medium.com/@yong321/on-mistake-avoidance-118cff61c4c2 领英链接https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/mistake-avoidance-yong-huang-a84sc/?trackingId=7tJv8AS5F5dKHSwstGy3vg%3D%3D 个人网页链接http://yong321.freeshell.org/misc/OnMistakeAvoidance.html ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PdQdh4Cok 2025-02-11 Gerascophobia,中文叫老化恐惧症。拉丁语有Memento mori一说,汉译为“勿忘你终有一死”,台湾译为“死亡象征”,维基说“它经常和死亡艺术(拉丁语:ars moriendi)及类似文学相提并论”。 评李贺“仿佛他料到自己寿数难长” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 哪吒在印度神话中的梵名为Nalakuvara或Nalakubala。“哪”对映Na,但“吒”跟后面任何音节都对不上。据网友推荐的文章Meir Shahar 《Indian Mythology and the Chinese Imagination: Nezha, Nalakūbara, and Kṛṣṇa》https://terebess.hu/zen/mesterek/imagi.pdf 佛教译经师不空(Amoghavajra,705—774)首次译梵名为“那吒”(“那”即后来稍加改写的“哪”)。作者说 Amoghavajra’s Nazhajuwaluo (followed by the shortened Nazha) might seem far removed from Nalakūbara, but it might have derived from one of the latter’s original variants. Different Sanskrit, and Prakrit, texts variously give the divine child’s name as Nalakūvara, Nalakūvala, Narakuvera, and Naṭakuvera (for which Nazhajuwaluo would be an accurate transcription, as the Sanskrit retroflex ṭa had been transliterated in medieval Chinese as zha). 先前我也猜到Naṭakuvera是“哪吒”的来源,并且真正的问题是Nalakuvara与Naṭakuvera的关系。这个问题Meir Shahar并未回答,恐怕也不容易,因为难以想象人类语言中l与ṭ(voiceless retroflex plosive或stop)可能互换或混淆。 https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/na%E1%B9%ADakuvera-in-indian-mythology-transcribed-as-nazha-in-chinese.4131843/ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PdIRofOHv 2025-02-10 原博自己说“请勿剽窃”,不合适!考证:原博文字最早是2015年曹長青的一篇文章https://www.hi-on.org/article-single.php?At=58&An=149680 ,最后一句“而所谓的社会主义国家,则从40多个锐减到目前的2、3个”来自其他文章。拉梅尔在1999年https://peacemagazine.org/archive/v15n3p10.htm 或稍后的网页https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/PK.APPEN1.1.HTM 说"The list [of current liberal democracies] would be different, of course, for previous decades. For certain years of the 18th century, for example, it would include the Swiss Cantons, French Republic, and United States(当然,与前几十年相比,[当前自由民主国家的名单] 会有所不同。例如,在 18 世纪的某些年份,名单包括瑞士各州、法兰西共和国和美国)"。暂未搜到拉梅尔设置的“民主時刻表”,该表也许是原文作者曹長青自己给的名称。拉梅尔说18世纪的某些年份的民主国家名单包括三个国家,是*只*包括吗?也许是吧,但只从文字上讲,“包括”跟“只包括”是不同的。他的国家名单备受争议,见维基讨论长文https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ADemocratic_peace_theory/Archive_1 评网友“美国著名政治学者鲁道夫·拉梅尔为“民主和平理论”设置了“民主时刻表”” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PdpOEse2B 2025-02-08 评“美国人一大半的医疗开支,用在生命的最后半年”:说“一大半”不合适,查到 "Of the estimated $282 billion total annual medical expenses for persons 65 and older, 22 percent were spent during terminal years of life." https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1464043/ "7.8 percent of a cohort's expenditures occurs during the first quarter of life, through childhood (to age 20); an eighth (12.5 percent) is realized during young adulthood, ages 20–39; nearly a third (31 percent) accrues during middle-age (40–64); and nearly half (48.6 percent) is expended during the post-65 years." https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1361028/ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PdovoydnX 2025-02-08 匈奴,凶人(Huns),英语词admix 匈奴西迁后成为凶人吗?18世纪法国历史学家德金(Joseph de Guignes,有人译为德奎尼)首先提出。法国历史学家魏义天(Étienne de la Vaissière)2006年指出“匈奴”与“凶人”用的是同一个粟特语词。2018年丹麦分子生物学家Damgaard等人提出,匈奴人有东、西两大群体,西部群体西迁与斯基泰人混合,成为凶人的来源。文章https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2 写道 "Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth–fifth century AD" (斯基泰人与形成匈奴联盟的东方草原游牧民族混合,在大约公元前二世纪或三世纪时向西迁移,在公元四至五世纪形成了匈奴传统) 近二三十年支持匈奴-凶人联系的研究频繁出现,这里只是其中之一。不过,简单地说“匈奴西迁后成为凶人”还是不准确,因为它听起来像是说匈奴人就是凶人,只不过被汉朝军队击败之后西迁了。准确的说法应该是匈奴人是凶人的来源之一,Damgaard等人提出主要来源是斯基泰人与匈奴人,其他研究者还提到其他游牧民族。 网友@糯糯与柚子的老父亲 指出Damgaard的论文用了admixed而不是比如mixed,暗示斯基泰成分占大多数,只是掺和了一点“形成匈奴联盟的东方草原游牧民族”。admix和mix的区别是什么?据这个讨论https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/83128/what-makes-admix-different-from-mix 在化学里,admix特指一种物质加到另一种物质,即不能颠倒顺序,比如酸加到水而不是水加到酸里,以防止爆炸。在组织病理学里,血块和组织碎片的admixture里的血和组织仍然能看出是分离的,并没有混合得完全分不出,否则就叫mixture了。大多数人认为admix(和admixture)只是非常正式的、学术性的词。那么,Damgaard在那篇论文里是否暗示凶人的主要成分是斯基泰人呢?最权威的答案当然来自作者本人。我向论文的通讯作者Willerslev博士发email,他很快答复说他们没有计算两个人群(斯基泰人和匈奴人)的相对贡献,admix只是说两种人在一起有下一代,后代变成凶人("It simply means that members of the two groups had offspring together and their descendants became Huns")。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PdjvoAdQE 2025-02-07 维基西语页Palabras de inducción de sonrisas(叫人微笑的话)总结得最全。的确大部分国家或地区都说吃的,不知道是否有原因还都是巧合。几个不说的有:巴西说X,香港说一、二、三,克罗地亚和塞尔维亚说小鸟,丹麦说橙色,法语国家说狨猴 评网友微博:偶然发现,世界各国的人在拍照时必说的那个词,都是吃的:中国人说“茄子”,美国人说"cheese",西班牙人说"patata"(土豆),韩国人说"kimchi"(泡菜)…… ​​​ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PcD19gseW 2025-02-03 【咬文嚼字】“男为悦己者穷” 这句话可能首见于2000年《八小时以外》杂志。有人https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/376622221 解释这句话说“一个男人,为了他的朋友或者喜欢的人,知己之类的,穷尽所有,肝脑涂地。”或https://www.sohu.com/a/126450124_526472 “如果爱一个人,就要舍得为ta付出。”或https://m.ximalaya.com/ask/q6676147 “男人为了自己喜欢的人花钱”。 这些解释很流行,但都不正确。这句话显然是模拟司马迁“士为知己者死,女为悦己者容”的后一句。很多人粗心,以为“为悦己者”是“为了自己喜欢的人”,把“己”理解为定语中的主语而不是宾语。实际上,既然“己”在“悦”之后,“悦己者”就只能是“喜欢自己的人”,不可把“自己”挪到“喜欢”之前。“女为悦己者容”是说这位女子为喜欢她的人打扮,不是为她喜欢的人打扮。假如双方互相喜欢,不作区分自然也没有关系。[1]但如果是单向的,那么“悦己者”与“己悦者”或“己所悦者”就不反应事实了。因此,“男为悦己者穷”的意思就是男子为喜欢他这个男子的人而穷,不是为他喜欢的人而穷。假如他对某女子单向喜欢,不妨说“男为所悦者穷”。其实,司马迁的“士为知己者死”的意思再明显不过了:“知己者”即知这位说话者的人,不是知该说话者所知的人。只不过两人成为知己总是相互的,假如甲深知乙而乙不深知甲,他们就不能称作一对知己,知己不可能是单向的。但男女间的喜欢则单、双向都有可能,从古今中外的文学作品看,发生单向喜欢时,男有悦己者大大小于有己悦者的概率,因此“男为悦己者”如何如何非常不具普遍性。 另外,文言文中“穷”几乎都是“不得志”或“处于困境”的意思。王力在《古代汉语》中特别指出,现代汉语的“穷”在文言文里用“贫”字。 总结:“男为悦己者穷”的正确解释是“男子为了那个喜欢他的人而不得志”。(怎么会出现这种奇怪的现象另当别论。)说“男为悦己者穷”的人心里本来想表达的意思用文言文讲应该是“男为己所悦者而贫”。 [1] 注意,即便不区分喜欢的方向,语句中的“悦己”的本义仍然只是“喜欢自己”而不是“自己喜欢”。推导出“同时自己也喜欢”是语言外的、语用层面的遐想,好比半个世纪前两位中年妇女的对话:“张三结婚了吗?”“娃儿都一岁了!”现在的年轻人可能觉得答非所问,AI可能更搞不懂,但结合文化背景,我们就能知道后者的答复非常合适。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/Pcy3WAFIR 2025-02-02 鲁迅一九二八年的杂文《卢梭和胃口》https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A2%AD%E5%92%8C%E8%83%83%E5%8F%A3/7219585 中一段读来颇为拗口: --引文始--- 我且抄一段同是美国的Upton Sinclair的,以尊重另一种人格罢—— “无论在那一个卢梭的批评家,都有首先应该解决的唯一的问题。为什么你和他吵闹的?要为他的到达点的那自由,平等,调协开路么?还是因为畏惧卢梭所发向世界上的新思想和新感情的激流呢?使对于他取了为父之劳的个人主义运动的全体怀疑,将我们带到子女服从父母,奴隶服从主人,妻子服从丈夫,臣民服从教皇和皇帝,大学生毫不发生疑问,而佩服教授的讲义的善良的古代去,乃是你的目的么? “阿嶷夫人曰:‘最后的一句,好像是对于白璧德教授的一箭似的。’ “‘奇怪呀,’她的丈夫说。‘斯人也而有斯姓也……那一定是上帝的审判了。’” 不知道和原意可有错误,因为我是从日本文重译的。书的原名是《Mammonart》 --引文终--- 鲁迅不懂英文,但精通日文。以上那段译文以信、达、雅的标准衡量,既不达,也不雅,我甚至怀疑它的信,但不知是不是英译日时就已有问题。Upton Sinclair(厄普顿·辛克莱或阿通·辛克莱)的《Mammonart》(拜金艺术)不难搜到https://www.gutenberg.org/files/69027/69027-h/69027-h.htm 这段话的原英文为 --引文始--- With any critic of Rousseau there is one question to be settled at the outset. Why do you quarrel with this man? Is it because you wish to correct his errors, and clear the way to his goal of liberty, equality, and fraternity? Or are you one of those who dread the torrent of new ideas and new feelings which Rousseau let loose upon the world? Is it your purpose to discredit the whole individualistic movement which he fathered, and to take us back to the good old days when children obeyed their parents, and servants obeyed their masters, and women obeyed their husbands, and subjects obeyed their popes and kings, and students in colleges accepted without question what their professors told them? Says Mrs. Ogi: “I suspect that last phrase is meant for Professor Babbitt.” “It is wonderful,” says her husband, “that he should have that name. A judgment of Providence, without doubt!” --引文终--- 以下是我的翻译,包括译注: 对于任何对卢梭的批评[1],有一个问题要先解决:你为什么要与这个人争吵?是因为你想纠正他的错误,为他实现自由、平等与博爱的目标扫清道路吗?[2]或者你是惧怕卢梭向世界释放出新思想和新情感的洪流的一个人?你的目的是不是要诋毁他所创立的整个个人主义运动,让我们回到过去的美好时光,那时孩子听从父母,仆人听从主人,女人听从丈夫,臣民听从教皇和国王,大学里的学生毫无疑问地接受教授告诉他们的东西?[3] 阿嶷夫人说:“我怀疑最后这句话是针对巴比特教授的。”[4] “真是太神奇了,”她丈夫说道,“他竟然有那个名字。毫无疑问,这是上帝的旨意!” [1] critic一词现在指“批评家”,但曾有“批评”义,同critique。《Mammonart》出版于1925年,Sinclair仍可能用这个意义。此处假如意义为“批评家”,那么介词With就不对,应改为For。 [2] 鲁迅的白话几乎不通,即便将他的“到达点”、“调协”分别换成“目标”、“博爱”,也似有汉语语法问题:“的到达点”或“的目标”应移到定语之后,即“调协”或“博爱”之后。(鲁迅对此不在意?日文已有误?真是个谜!)尤其不可理喻的是fraternity被译为“调协”,大致等于近期白话(相对于早期白话)的“协调”。但fraternity怎么与“协调”有关?它的字面意义是brotherhood,“兄弟情谊”。原法语为fraternité,也可说字面意义是“兄弟情谊”,但至少今天的法语词典(全法语的词典)特别指出它是Lien de parenté qui unit les enfants, frères et sœurs, nés des mêmes parents(将同一父母所生的孩子——无论是兄弟还是姐妹——团结​​在一起的家庭纽带),引申为Idée selon laquelle tous les humains, hommes et femmes, sont égaux et méritent égale dignité et égale considération(所有人——无论男女——都是平等的,都享有同等的尊严、被同等对待这样一种观念)。因此,英语fraternity或它的源头即法语fraternité都与“调协”或“协调”无关。 [3] 鲁迅的长句难以卒读,不知是否百年前的中国人也感到费解,还是当时的白话就是如此,而与近期白话迥异。 [4] babbitt作为普通名词(而不是专有名词),韦伯斯特词典解释说是a person and especially a business or professional man who conforms unthinkingly to prevailing middle-class standards(不假思索地顺从普遍流行的中产阶级标准的人,尤其是商人或专业人士),即缺乏思考能力的保守人士。 以上只是评价、纠正了鲁迅的译文,但责任也许在原日文。英译日出自一位叫木村生死的日本记者,他是日本女权主义者木村駒子的长子。我不懂日文,就不评价了。至于《卢梭和胃口》全文的旨意,据俞兆平《论鲁迅与卢梭》https://www.sohu.com/a/396533277_714235 它“反驳白璧德信徒梁实秋在女子教育问题上对卢梭的责难,并以美国小说家阿通·辛克莱之语肯定了卢梭在历史总体倾向上的进步意义。” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PcunCbXbh 2025-02-02 网友用DeepSeek仿照李白的《静夜思》写了一首诗咏太阳。DeepSeek写道: --引文始--- 《静夜思》以明月为纽带,将游子思乡之情融入澄澈的月光。今为太阳拟作,取其煌煌之象,化金乌神话入诗,熔铸日晷、羲和等意象,使永恒运转的天体与人间光阴流转相映。谨仿太白笔意,试作新篇: 《赤日咏》 赤轮悬中天,金芒覆九垓。 举首灼目望,山河尽曜开。 注:诗中"赤轮"暗合神话金乌,"九垓"取自《史记》八极九垓之说,末句"曜开"既显日照万物之景,亦藏《淮南子》"日出阳谷,浴于咸池"的古意。通过光影的虚实变幻,构筑起超越时空的太阳礼赞。 --引文终--- 我的评论: 这首诗的用词像诗,即用了诗的语言,但缺乏除固定词语(如“赤轮”)以外的比喻,比如像“疑是地上霜”那种。也缺乏除写景以外的内容,比如《静夜思》“低头思故乡”就从景延伸出去了。 网友把我的评语给了DeepSeek,让它再改进一下。DeepSeek写道: --引文始--- 好的!这次尝试在保留太阳意象的同时,加入时空转换与生命哲思,模仿李白由物及心的跳跃性诗境。引入青铜日晷、白发等意象构建隐喻链条,试作修改版: 《望日谣》 金镜碾苍昊,流火淬河山 羲和鞭日影,忽照鬓边霜 注: 1. "金镜"化用《淮南子》"日如金盘"典故,与"流火"形成刚柔比喻对冲 2. "淬"字双关金属淬炼与光阴锻造,暗藏《论衡》"日,火之精"的哲学观 3. 后两句实现三重转折:神话意象(羲和驱日)→物理现象(日晷投影)→生命体验(白发惊心),重现李白"床前明月光→低头思故乡"的意境升华路径 --引文终--- 看来AI写诗就爱玩华丽的词藻,它“学”多了就生怕无处卖弄它的学问!但它听得进批评意见,说它纯写景,毫无景外的任何意味,它就加一点,比如“忽照鬓边霜”。它的博学与虚心是世界上任何人也不能比的。至于人情,我们提醒一点它就加一点。虽然机器是冷冰冰的,但它产出的东西不一定都是冷的。 2024年3月,有人https://medium.com/@sierraelman/the-future-of-poetry-26dabfc2f50a (The Future of Poetry Is AI Smarter Than an 8th Grader?)请39位英语专家和38位AI专家对OpenAI的ChatGPT-4、Google的Bard、Anthropic的Claude(都是AI)和一位八年级学生写的诗进行排名,结果在英语专家的排名中,该学生的诗作得第一,远高于第二的Bard,ChatGPT-4、Claude分别得第三、第四,而AI专家的鉴别能力则非常差。 2024年11月,《自然》杂志文章https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-76900-1 (AI-generated poetry is indistinguishable from human-written poetry and is rated more favorably)指出普通人不能鉴别一首诗是真人还是ChatGPT所作,甚至认为ChatGPT比真人写得更好,即AI诗是more human than human(“比人还人性”)。这个试验的受试者相当于上面那个试验中的非英语专家,惊诧于诗的形式,比如看似华丽或神秘的用词等,结果并不出意外。 网上总能读到文字工作者的抱怨,比如说AI的作品最多只是中学生优秀的作文,AI不能表现真正的人性。这些抱怨大多有一个缺点:没有试验数据佐证。目前普通人已很难鉴别是真人还是AI的作品,而专家仍有这个鉴别力。但AI还在发展,专家在未来的试验中是否会失败目前不能肯定。科技发展很快,我们最好永远也不要说永远不会。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PcexsmGiI 2025-01-31 “春节”英译为ChunJie的问题是不懂汉语的人必须搜索或查字典才明白,想象中国人读中文文章遇到比方说“克里斯特莫斯”而不是“圣诞节”。译为Chinese New Year的缺点是东亚不止中国庆祝春节(尤其是当前形势下含Chinese这个词不大容易被接受)。译为Lunar New Year的缺点是中国历法不是阴历,而是阴阳历(还在用的阴历很少,伊斯兰历是一个)。意译为Spring Festival不久解决这些问题了吗?如果非要强调是一种新年,我建议译为Oriental New Year。如果有人觉得Oriental一词有歧视性(比如纽约州亚裔代表Grace Meng提议、奥巴马批准改政府文件的Oriental为Asian),“春节”译为East Asian New Year也行。 (评:“「春节」的英文翻译,既不是Chinese New Year,更不是Lunar New Year,而是ChunJie”) 答复网友:但“春节”直译的话就是Spring Festival,可以把Chinese New Year作为别名。中国在中国领土范围内英译采用这个别名也行,但在这个地域以外,其效果决定于地区:越、韩和一些欧美国家,假如不直译,用异于Chinese New Year的名称可能会得到更多的友善回应。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PbOac7gtG 2025-01-28 DeepSeek的成功是被挤出来的 文章来源:https://stratechery.com/2025/deepseek-faq/ "I noted above that if DeepSeek had access to H100s [NVIDIA chips] they probably would have used a larger cluster to train their model, simply because that would have been the easier option; the fact they didn’t, and were bandwidth constrained, drove a lot of their decisions in terms of both model architecture and their training infrastructure. Just look at the U.S. labs: they haven’t spent much time on optimization because Nvidia has been aggressively shipping ever more capable systems that accommodate their needs. The route of least resistance has simply been to pay Nvidia. DeepSeek, however, just demonstrated that another route is available: heavy optimization can produce remarkable results on weaker hardware and with lower memory bandwidth; simply paying Nvidia more isn’t the only way to make better models." I'd like to comment: Suppose you want to improve the performance of a SQL statement in a database. Optimizing a SQL takes time, and an IT professional's time costs money. A decision depends on whether it's more expensive to buy more and faster hardware so a barely tuned, sub-optimal SQL can run to completion within an acceptable time range, or it costs more to force the programmer to keep on tuning the SQL. The success of DeepSeek is through the latter route. And this is not the first case in history. In the early 19th century, Americans had numerous great inventions that brought about the so-called Industrial Revolution in the United States, because there were sanctions on importation from Britain. It's true that the sanctions were self-imposed on the American side in the hope of reducing the agression of Britain, but the effect is the same as that of America's sanctions against China now, namely stimulating inventions on the part of the geniuses with no time for complacency. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PbNN03eRj 2025-01-28 意大利《晚邮报》幽默地称梁文峰为厘厘普人,大概是说他看起来微不足道,但却撼动了美国科技巨头。原话直译是: “四年后,梁文峰已成为了中国的骄傲,成为用他的想法的力量,让美国人工智能巨头们颤抖,取得跟OpenAI、谷歌、Meta或Anthropic差不多甚至更好成绩的厘厘普人。所有这些的成本仅为资金雄厚、美国制造的巨头的一小部分。” 目前有九百多读者评论,大多感叹意大利或欧洲的教育和科研存在严重问题,需要赶紧醒醒,向中国学习,…… (来源:https://www.facebook.com/corrieredellasera/posts/pfbid02e7vYuSWFnqm98swnsiaG6oE4V3HCLkXkuYuizMv8Unz3GK1biE9pAyRdgVQnFfePl 文章题目为《中国人工智能DeepSeek击沉华尔街:“创始人是谁?他看上去像一个衣冠不整的书呆子,我们并没有把他当回事”》) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PbK4JtZFI 2025-01-28 南京大屠杀的平民死亡人数不少于广岛、长崎核爆死亡人数,但前者的知名度显然低很多。中国不妨检查各国中学历史教材,向教材完全不提南京大屠杀的国家提出建议,增加至少一个小节介绍。这与政治无关,应该容易被接受。假如要进一步,还可建议日本核爆纪念馆增加至少一个展柜介绍二战时日本军国主义给邻国带来的巨大灾难,告诉他们,这个展柜会使他们的诺奖更能让人信服。但同时,历史必须作为历史看待,不能用来煽动情绪。 (评https://weibo.com/2128443932/P581en2SL) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PbBwblLfL 2025-01-27 英语的mean(均值)、median(中位数)、mode(众数)如何记?最近写了篇短文 (领英链接:https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7287696567703085056/ ) Mean (the average value) Median (the middle value) Mode (the most common value) English 'mean' and 'median' are from the same Latin word 'medianus'. When it entered Old French, it lost the consonant 'd' (this is a regular change as it's between two unstressed vowels) and eventually entered English as 'mean', as early as the 14th century. This meaning was taken by the common people. Later, Latin 'medianus' entered French as a learned word, i.e. taken by the church scribes, who tried to preserve the original Latin pronunciation, so the 'd' was not omitted (even though the people on the street did not pronounce it). It's probably safe to say that the popular or vulgar or low-status word 'mean' takes the more general meaning ("average value"), and the learned or high-status word 'median' takes a more specialized meaning such as defined by mathematicians or statisticians as "middle value". As to 'mode', it's an entirely different word. Think of 'à la mode' or "in the fashion". What is in fashion is the most common. So 'mode' denotes the value that occurs the most in a set. In general, it is not right to invoke etymology to explain the meaning especially a subtle one of a modern word in modern usage. That's considered an etymological fallacy. But in this case, it makes sense to use etymology to explain why 'mean' takes a more general sense while 'median' takes a more specialized one. (https://medium.com/@yong321/mean-median-mode-how-to-remember-the-meanings-35aa9732ce22) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PbsMd0otB 2025-01-26 百度定义文学家为“从事文学创作或研究的专家”。[1]钱钟书因为文学*创作*不多,在这个意义上他不算大文学家,但如果文学*研究*专家也算文学家,他无疑是一流的文学家。说《管锥编》是野史大杂烩有一定道理,因为它不成体系,但说它考据不严恐怕不成立。 [1]“研究文章的历史或理论的,是文学家,是学者;做做诗,或戏曲小说的,是做文章的人,就是古时候所谓文人,此刻所谓创作家。”(鲁迅《读书杂谈》) (评网友:吹钱钟书的,是真没看过什么好小说。估计是看了其他平台的帖子,洗稿的,故意要特立独行,吸引粉丝。钱的管锥编,也是各种野史大杂烩,你说他考据不严谨,他就只会一句:你不懂) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/Pbsmvg5Vx 2025-01-26 【文言文疑义】 《史记·屈原列传》,百度链接:https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%B1%88%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%97%E4%BC%A0/9630184 1. “屈原者,名平……怀王使屈原造为宪令,屈平属草稿未定”。 评:全文称“屈原”14次,“屈平”12次。“屈原”散见于全文,“屈平”主要集中于前三段。司马迁似乎随意改称,有规律吗? 2. “故忧愁幽思,而作《离骚》。‘离骚’者,犹离忧也。夫天者,人之始也;父母者,人之本也。人穷则反本,故劳苦倦极,未尝不呼天也,疾痛惨怛,未尝不呼父母也。” 评:“穷则反本……呼天”,前文既说父母是人之本,为什么反本不呼父母而呼天?为什么劳苦乞求天佑、痛苦则望父母?假如将“天”与“父母”调换,是否可行? 3. “(《离骚》)其称文小而其指(旨)极大”。 评:“称”字难解。百度注:“称:引用,选用”。这个理解似乎是孤证,商务《古代汉语词典》“称”字无此义。接近的也许是“称举”,白话为“述说列举”,如韩愈《唐故朝散大夫董府君墓志铭》“闻其所为,每称举以戒其子”。 4. “如楚,又因厚币用事者臣靳尚”。 评:意思当然是用厚币贿赂当官的人,但原文为什么在“因厚币”和“用事者”之间少了动词比如“贿赂”“贿”“赂”“赇”“与”“赠”“遗”?任何一种语言中的完整语句都不应省略谓语。 5. “楚人既咎子兰以劝怀王入秦而不反也。屈平既嫉之,虽放流,眷顾楚国”。 评:百度对“屈平既嫉之”中“既”字注:“既:副词,很,极”。讲得通,但似乎是孤证,《古代汉语词典》无此义。 答复网友: 1. 直斥用名,就是说称“平”时是在批评屈原。但这篇文章显然没有一处在批评他。 2. 有道理,穷苦是大痛,痛苦是小痛。要是大痛呼天、小痛念母有文献佐证就更好了。另外,“人穷则反本”的“本”与“父母者,人之本也”的“本”就不连贯了。不过又不可能说“人穷则反(返)天”,“反天”显得荒唐。 3. “称”作“言”解至少从词典中的释义看有点牵强,但姑且就算长距离的引申义吧。 4. “厚币”名词动用(用作及物动词)是个好的思路,只是“因”如果还解释为“用”则成衍文。但也许“厚币”名词动用,而“因”作连词(而不是介词或动词),意思是“于是”,如《战国策》“以责(债)赐诸民,因烧其券”。 5. “既”的“尽”义是“完成”的意思,“尽嫉之”不可能是“完成了嫉妒他(这个动作、过程)”。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PbpLmx37Q 2025-01-26 马基雅维利因此神话而言:赫丘利、忒修斯、阿喀琉斯等皆以半兽半人的喀戎为师,表明君主须兽、人两性兼备,缺一性而另一性无效。人性用法律,兽性用强力。 (评《阿喀琉斯的教育》,1772年,James Barry) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PbjEJgKoc 2025-01-25 香港《南华早报》https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3295893/chinas-sichuan-university-overtakes-stanford-mit-and-oxford-high-quality-research 报导“中国四川大学在高质量研究方面超越斯坦福大学、麻省理工学院和牛津大学:根据最新的《自然》指数,全球领先的教育机构已被中国西南地区的一所大学所超越” China’s Sichuan University overtakes Stanford, MIT and Oxford in high-quality research: Leading global educational institutes have been eclipsed by a university in southwest China, according to the latest Nature Index 读不到全文,目前有66则评论,也读不到 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PbjbiCZpM 2025-01-25 百度“马基雅维利主义”条:“马基雅维利(Machiavelli,1469—1527)是意大利政治家和历史学家,以主张为达目的可以不择手段而著称于世,马基雅维利主义(machiavellianism)也因之成为权术和谋略的代名词。” 年底的圣诞礼物是一本被老鼠咬过的书,好在有字的地方都被它们避开了。马基雅维利《君主论》写得真好,文笔朴实,说理直白,堪称意大利的墨子。第二编者Russell Price是译者(第一编者大概是前辈),为该书做了大量精准的译者注,大大减轻了读经典的困难。而且都安排在当页底部,免去频繁翻页之烦。该书最被后人引用的话也许是马基雅维利告诫君主"it is much safer to be feared than loved"(“被人畏惧比被人爱戴更安全”)。在同一章他还说it is perfectly possible to be feared without incurring hatred(“完全有可能让人畏惧而不招致仇恨”);men forget sooner the killing of a father than the loss of their patrimony(“人忘记父亲死掉比忘记失去祖产要快”;英译killing,但原意大利文为morte,“死”)。对人的本性的剖析颇为精辟! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/Pb1SWFShZ 2025-01-23 马基雅维利《君主论》第四章讲绝对君权的土耳其比君主和贵族同治的法兰西更难被推翻,正相当于司马迁观点(1)的反面。 (评17日微博,司马迁认为废止诸侯分封有利于刘邦抗秦) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/Pao9BaJYl 2025-01-18 “关于宋朝“乳母”称谓,至少皇宫里并不单纯指生过孩子有乳汁可以哺育皇子公主的女性。曾在皇帝幼时抚育过的,都可称乳母,其实更像保姆。且皇宫有过以选乳母名义采选妙龄女性入宫的事情”:最后一句是!但前面部分存疑,希望有史料佐证。 (评齐秋“宋朝宫廷女官相关”) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PalU2athj 2025-01-18 李晚芳的观点即使不是独一无二的,也是罕见的。几十年前一位蒙古历史家写了本现当代蒙古史(《Poisoned Arrows: The Stalin-choibalsan Mongolian Massacres, 1921-1941》,作者为蒙古历史学家Shagdariin Sandag(沙格达·桑达克)),被学界批评严重偏颇,因为他是苏联迫害蒙古的受害者。 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/PahxuxVsT 2025-01-18 “虽”、“虽然”、although 现代汉语中的“虽然…但是…”表达式在古汉语里一般只用前一个虚词,如《诗经·大雅·文王》“周虽旧邦,其命维新”,不是“周虽旧邦,然(或然则、顾)其命维新”。但这也不绝对,如《史记·伯夷列传》“《诗》《书》虽缺,然虞、夏之文可知也”,既有“虽”也有“然”,不过这种情况似乎少见。古汉语中“虽然”联用倒是常见,但那个词与我们的话题无关,因为它的意思是“虽然如此”,其中“然”是“如此”、“这样”。我们不妨说古代、现代汉语的“虽然”是false friends(假朋友),词形相同或相似,但意义不同。 即便初学英语的人都知道英语although(虽然)引导的从句所属的主句不能用but(但是)开始,如*although it rained, but we still went camping(虽然下雨了,但我们还是去野营了)中的but必须删掉。但很多中国人或华人在前面说了一长段although的从句后,就可能不小心在后面的主句上加一个but。写作时一般比较注意,但讲话时这个错误还是比较常见的。其实不单是英语,其他欧洲语言比如西班牙语、法语、德语等,也是不能有相当于“但是”的连词,比如*aunque…pero、*bien que…mais是病句,其中的pero、mais应该删掉。有趣的是,据说越南语跟汉语类似,以致越南人初学欧洲语言时有时也不自觉地在说了“虽然”从句后说带“但”字的主句。 从前学英语时在语法书上读到说这种情况下不能用but,但可以用yet。曾在论坛https://www.facebook.com/groups/polygotcommunity/posts/3325484507670298/ 上与一位英语母语者辩论,他坚决不信,结果花了些时间才在百年前的一本书中找到案例(因为不容易搜两个不相连但又不能离得太远的关键词):"Although her voice dwells much in the upper tones , approaching almost to thin-ness , yet for her accentual and emphatic words she ..." (John Demosthenes N. Ruffin, "The Rhetorlogue: Or, Study of the Rhetor Or Orator", 1922, p519) 不过,我们今天写或讲英语就不能这样做了,以免被人认为语法有误,或至少是不自然、老式、pompous(浮华?)。 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/Pa7E04uYy 2025-01-17 【文言文疑义】 《史记·秦楚之际月表》:“乡秦之禁,适足以资贤者为驱除难耳”。白话译为“从前秦国的那些禁令,恰好用来资助贤能的人排除创业的患难而已(或:正好足够帮助圣哲贤人为推翻秦朝排除了困难)”。秦始皇颁布过一些禁令,(1)废止诸侯分封,(2)毁坏各地城池,(3)熔掉兵器,(4)镇压土匪、豪强。司马迁认为这些禁令正好为抗秦大军提供了方便。毫无疑问,(2)使得攻城或更准确地说占领一个城市变得更容易。(4)也比较好理解,要组成抗秦大军,没有地方豪强就得从零开始。但(3)是“双面剑”,甚至更有利于秦兵,因为虽然普通百姓没有兵器了,但秦兵一定还是有的,怎么认为这项禁令对抗秦军队有利?(1)也不确定,司马迁认为没有诸侯更好抗秦,那么他认为地方军权高度集中于秦中央更有利于抗秦一方?似乎跟直觉有点相悖。我所见的文言文读本都不提出这些问题或答案。 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/Pa7hUlnZT 2025-01-17 【文言文疑义】 《史记·高祖功臣侯者年表》:“太史公曰:古者人臣功有五品,以德立宗庙、定社稷曰勋,以言曰劳(依靠出谋划策的称‘劳’),用力曰功(借助武力的称‘功’),明其等曰伐(?),积日曰阅(凭借资历长短的称‘阅’)。”各种文言文白话翻译将“明其等曰伐”译为“明确功劳等级的称‘伐’”,但怎么可能?其他四种功劳都很清楚,以仁德、以计策、以武功、或以资历来获得功勋。但一个人这四项都没有,只凭弄明白了“功劳等级”就是一种功劳?哪有这样的事?大家怎么看? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P9Xy03Kl7 2025-01-16 微信文章《洋悟运动,中美老百姓在小红书疯狂对账》https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oXS4hW_LqMr0BQQbxHm7_Q 说“美国对TikTok的禁令即将在1月19日生效……很多美国TT用户打算再找一个APP用,出于逆反心理他们就非要找一个中国的软件,在筛选中国APP的过程中,他们发现有个叫小红书……”。作者将找小红书的原因归结为“出于逆反心理”一定要找个中国的软件。这个说法显然并不基于调查,而是他的猜想。找到另一篇文章,对美国TikTok用户不选Meta的Facebook、Instagram、Google的YouTube等而选择小红书虽然也没有民调做基础,但提出的原因也许更有道理: 《Why TikTok “refugees” are flocking to Xiaohongshu: This decision is partly UX, partly political in the wake of the proposed TikTok ban》(TikTok“难民”为何涌向小红书:这一决定部分是出于用户体验考虑,部分是出于在拟议的TikTok禁令之后的政治) http://redirect.medium.systems/r-pZIxCmAIss?source=email-e0129f467d88-1737022251827-newsletter.v3-15f753907972-a3f2618d51f9-----------------------4596a5e3_1503_4854_8213_09a1c5c12cdc--------bf3f56c7deec 或https://uxdesign.cc/why-tiktok-refugees-are-flocking-to-xiaohongshu-3184ae407be3 以下摘译一段(英语新词vibes大致可译为“气氛,氛围”;方括弧中文字是我的): ---引文始--- Meta平台和YouTube Shorts都存在的一个棘手问题之一是✨vibes✨的模糊问题。是的,✨vibes✨是用户体验的一部分。 这里所说的✨vibes✨是上述平台高度精致、几乎专业的性质。Facebook既被拥有自己的社交媒体经理的品牌所包围,也被用人工智能生成的帖子欺骗老龄用户群的机器人账户所包围。 Instagram也是如此,它本身也存在机器人问题。Instagram是用户发布他们生活中精彩瞬间的地方——经过精心编辑的照片和只展示最干净、最精心策划的时刻的视频。最受欢迎的用户,实际上是被算法推到顶部的用户,是电影明星、模特和运动员。 YouTube Shorts本应该是TikTok的明显答案[TikTok难民前往的地方],同样也是由多年来一直在磨练技艺的专业人士组成的。它感觉不像是那种用户可以快速加入并迅速走红的平台。 TikTok上的氛围更加古怪、更加混乱——它们比其他平台上的帖子更真实。用户躺在床上,脸颊半埋在枕头里,就发布内心的想法。走红的视频是真实的生活片段,而不是专业人士设计的短剧。在TikTok上意外走红出奇地容易,而“走红”在其他社交媒体平台上已经被分解成一门科学。 …… 这就是让用户不断滚动并给TikTok带来整体真实感的原因。该APP程序会快速调整以满足用户的当前需求。例如,[我]在为本文做研究时,我的For You Page[“为你订制”页]提供了有关小红书的视频和对TikTok禁令的看法。前一天晚上我烤饼干时,食谱和甜点就占据了我的FYP[“为你订制”页]。 [与此相反]我的Instagram和YouTube Shorts的馈送主要来自我关注的账户,所以相比之下,它们[的内容]是一样的(也就是说停滞不前)。 …… 即使不考虑上述问题,TikTok用户对小红书感兴趣的原因也有很多。它的用户界面与 Pinterest相似,但其以视频为中心的体验被称为“TikTok克隆”。与TikTok一样,该平台似乎是真实用户的家园,而不是企业或AI账户,尽管存在新的语言障碍,但仍允许自然互动。 因此,转向小红书的动机是希望找到一个“TikTok 克隆”,部分原因是为了抗议政府不受欢迎的决定以及可能在拟议禁令背后有利益的公司。 …… TL;DR[“太长,没读”,即“简单总结”] — TikTok用户不想要传统社交媒体 * TikTok 用户不想要传统意义上的社交媒体APP,因此对Facebook和Instagram不感兴趣。 * 美国的社交媒体APP过于企业化和专业化,不像有TikTok上真实、随意的 ✨vibes ✨。 * 在根据用户兴趣定制内容方面,TikTok的算法远远优于其他APP。 * 用户对卷入大规模数据泄露等争议的美国公司不信任。 * 用户正在寻找与TikTok类似的体验,并在小红书上找到了它。 ---引文终--- (作者:Daley Wilhelm) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P9Ooeyf05 2025-01-15 赞同作者观点!补充:任何政治运动都应团结一切可以团结的力量。正如黑人的民权运动先驱中有白人,女权运动也可有男性。完全地、不做细分地categorically拒绝白人、男性参与正义的事业,在战略上短视,政治上幼稚。 (评“袁源:男人可以称自己为女权主义者么”) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P9ABitdGR (https://weibo.com/1938059975/P9rsR5BE9) 2025-01-14 “一个注定要灭亡的政治体制,必然会本能地做出许多事情,来加速这一灭亡。 ——让-保罗·萨特” 译自英语,出处为Norman Ohler著、Houghton Mifflin Harcourt于2017年出版的《Blitzed: Drugs in Nazi Germany》https://www.google.com/books/edition/Blitzed/t7HkCwAAQBAJ 或《Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich》https://www.google.com/books/edition/Blitzed/YN2pDAAAQBAJ 的扉页 "A political system devoted to decline instinctively does much to speed up the process——Jean Paul Sartre" 用Google搜能找到很多网页,但Google Books上只找到出现在Ohler自己的书中,其他任何书的作者都没有引用,更找不到萨特原话,无论法语还是英语(Google Books搜索用inauthor:sartre加各种英、法关键词)。最后在Instagram上找到Norman Ohler直接询问(见图),他今天回答说:“你问了一个很重要的问题。我在一本书里找到了这句话,但后来法文版出版了,法国出版商要求我提供出处,我却找不到了。所以也许这是一句错误的引言。” 这句自他的书出版以来被广泛引用的“萨特”名言可以休矣! https://www.instagram.com/direct/t/107783993944649/?hl=en# * Hi Mr. Ohler. In your book "Blitzed: Drugs in Nazi Germany", you wrote "A political system devoted to decline instinctively does much to speed up the process——Jean Paul Sartre". Would you please tell me Sartre's original quote? I can't find it by translating this sentence to French and search for it on the Internet or Google Books. Thank you very much! * You ask a very important question. I found this quote in a book. But later when the French edition was published and the French publisher asked for the source I could not find it. So maybe it's a wrong quote. * Thank you, Mr. Ohler! No wonder I couldn't find it. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the current fierce competition for limited job openings, some job applicants resort to resume spamming in the hope of getting one or two interviews out of hundreds of resume submissions. Companies have to use software or AI to eliminate the majority of such applications. This situation is bad for both job applicants and the companies. I have an idea on how to reduce the number of job applications without reducing the chance of hiring a good applicant. A company posting a job position should charge a small fee for each application, just like a college does. To prevent the company from abusing this practice e.g. trying to collect money instead of sincerely wanting to hire someone, they can donate the collected application fees to reputable charities and publish the numbers (how much was collected and donated, to what charities). Alternatively, they can ask the job applicants to, optionally, prove the applicants' donation to such charities in lieu of application fees. If a college can collect application fees, why can't a company? Because a college is most likely non-profit, rarely for-profit, at least legally speaking. If that's the only real difference, donation of the job application fees by the company to charities solves this problem, and at the same time solves the big problem we're targeting, namely too many job applications, many of which are probably not a good match to the job description. Charging application fees forces the applicants to think twice and only send in their resumes when they think the job description matches their skills well. If a job applicant genuinely has financial difficulties, the company should waive the fees on the condition that the applicant provides his/her latest tax returns. With these measures, we achieve the goal of being able to meaningfully sift through submitted resumes and discouraging resume spamming. https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7284373058499264514/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P9iTXDqbE 2025-01-12 《杨奎松: 中央档案馆查档案, 赶上一个好时候》https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/TZmCemgEe0vx6AXZ00hD2A -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P9b5yA9DJ 2025-01-11 一个词是否有贬义或暗含歧视决定于当前及不久前的时代的使用语境,以及可能被指称人群的感受。对于很多词,它是否有贬义不决定于该词本身,不能通过比如分析“回回”与“回”的形式(字面)的差别得出,正如从Chinaman、“支那人”等词本身无法分析出贬义。假如大多回族人认为“回回”无贬义,那么新华社这个规定就可商榷了。 评新华社认定“回回”这个称呼是“旧社会流传的带有污辱性的称呼” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P99yj1Vqp 2025-01-11 最近发现一个本人感到最奥威尔式的论坛,dharmawheel.net。在那里发的每一个贴必须经管理员或小编审查,这可以忍受,但审查之严在我28年互联网使用史上从未见过。不但如此,论坛网友间的私信小编居然也审查,这是否全球独一无二?以下简述经历,顺便讲讲藏传佛教的密教中的一句话。 英语佛教论坛目前有两个较活跃,大家也公认讨论水平较高,一个是Dharma Wheel(与那个大家熟悉的什么功毫不相关),网页称是大乘与金刚乘佛教讨论论坛。另一个是Dhamma Wheel(第一个词不同),多讨论小乘佛教。我在Joseph Campbell《The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology》中读到"of all the forms of illusion, woman is the most important",作者贴出了梵文,这是他的英译。我感觉这句话有趣,就搜了一下,发现引用的人不少,包括美国著名作家John Updike的小说。这句话最后的important一词我怀疑翻译不确,查到作者自注的文献,有梵译法为sublime(直译“崇高”),或梵译德为bedeutendste(“最有意义”)。我不懂梵文,就到Dharma Wheel注册、发帖https://www.dharmawheel.net/viewtopic.php?t=45171 ,问是否Campbell的翻译准确,并问经文出处。其实我已从一篇日文文章大致得知出处为《密教論書》,但没有找到上下文。一位通梵文的网友很快发来几条私信,详解原文,尤其是词汇的词根、前后缀等。我感谢后建议他公开发到论坛,他说试过多次,被拒。我说被拒也许是因为其中的几个词(注:大家知道藏传密宗的一些主张和实践吧,不详说了)。经他同意,我在改写后试图发到论坛,仍然被拒。此时已有多位博学的网友跟帖,我写了句感谢,并暗示有更多的话想说却被禁。结果这个短贴又被拒。最后发一条最简单的单句“非常感谢!”,成功了。回头来再用私信向开始时私信我那位网友报告,其中有一句Hope my private message won't be blocked by them,但这则私信却永远滞留在Outbox中了。先前的私信能通,这一则不能,唯一的解释是我加的那句话不为Big Brother(老大哥)所容。算了,今后用另一个论坛Dhamma Wheel好了。据Reddit网站上的人吐槽,Dharma Wheel就那德性,而Dhamma Wheel宽容得多。 通过“密教論書”一词,我搜到了那句话的汉译https://deerpark.app/reader/B0068/15 即“一切幻事中,女幻最殊勝”。看来也无甚深义,原梵文的viśiṣyate译为“殊胜”、important、sublime、bedeutend,大同小异。考证过程中顺便发现Google的梵文翻译远不如微软Bing,前者只能用天成体输入不说,主要是翻译质量欠佳。整个过程,倒是遭遇最严censorship留下了更深的印象。 Bhaiṣajyasenapati: 'pravishish' means "to magnify, increase, augment" and it comes from 'vishishta', "pre-eminent , excellent , excelling in or distinguished by, chief or best among" which itself comes from 'shishta', meaning that which is separated or left behind from the rest which itself comes from the root 'shish', meaning "to leave behind or separate out, i.e., distinguish". 'pravishish' has two separate roots at work here, one is 'vish', meaning "to enter", and the other, 'shish', "to separate/distinguish". It is the latter that is relevant in this context but like always, both meanings are suggested. the quote originally comes from the Candamaharoshana Tantra: https://84000.co/translation/toh431#UT2 ... chapter-10 “Among all illusions, Only the illusion of a woman is praised" sarvāsām eva māyānāṃ strīmāyaiva praśasyate | Here pravishishyate/vishishyate "most distinguishd" is instead prashasyate, "praised", from shasta, to praise. Chapter 10, verse 3. This is certainly the original source of the quote, which the commentaries like Pancakrama and so forth have used. Im not sure if Candahamaroshana was ever translated into Chinese, not many of the Highest Tantras were. Only the Hevajra TAntra was, as far as I can tell. Highest Tantra never became a big movemnt in East Asia (China, Japan, Korea). As for the shift from "praised", prashasyate, to "most excellent" pravishishyate, possibly there were two underlying manuscriptural traditions going back to the original Tantra; possibly a scribal interpretation in the translation of transcription process down the centuries resulted in this change. This sort of thing is extrmely commo. Another possibilty is that the ambiguity was intentioanlly hardcoded into the transmission by the original composer(s) of the texts, just to make things interesting and to provide the profound depths of meanings - this is in keeping with how the Dharma is. Like most Buddhist writings, there are many meanings encoded. The root word (no pun intended) pravish, also means "to have sexual intercourse with", i.e., of all illusions, women are the ones you have sexual intercourse with, which is only logical. As for actual word, the base is pravishish, which means "to magnify, increase, augment" and it comes from vishishta, "pre-eminent , excellent , excelling in or distinguished by, chief or best among" which itself comes from shishta, meaning that which is separated or left behind from the rest which itself comes from the root shish, meaning to leave behind or separate out, i.e., distinguish. There are two separate roots at works here, one is vish, meaning to enter, and the other, shish, to separate/distinguish. It is the latter that is relevant in this context but like always, both meanings are suggested. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P98H33mv2 2025-01-11 本书认为,罗马帝国通过扩张,永久性地改变了欧洲和地中海世界的权力格局,在无意中在其边缘内围和外围中创造了新的经济和政治权力中心,在与它们的竞争中,罗马帝国这才内外交困倒下 评“郑非|《帝国为什么衰落》:罗马是现代西方的另一面镜子?” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P8V4WrlzY 2025-01-09 马克思说“他(指米海洛夫斯基)一定要把我关于西欧资本主义起源的历史概述彻底变成一般发展道路的历史哲学理论,一切民族,不管它们所处的历史环境如何,都注定要走这条道路…他这样做,会给我…”:马克思反对他人将他对西欧历史做的分析(应该也包括历史分期)扩大至其他地区,这应成为我们的常识 评李湖光《【原创】德国哲学家黑格尔是如何影响苏联领袖斯大林的?》 Original French: http://dominique.temple.free.fr/reciprocite.php?page=reciprocite_2&id_article=220 "Mais c'est trop peu pour mon critique . Il lui faut absolument métamorphoser mon esquisse historique de la genèse du capitalisme dans l'Europe occidentale en une théorie historico- philosophique de la marche générale fatalement imposée ..." English translation: https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ni/vol01/no04/marx.htm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P8nc3cY6E 2025-01-06 "moving/bittersweet favorite music may be more effective in reducing pain due to increased music pleasantness ratings and musical chills"(动人/苦乐参半的、自己最喜欢的音乐可能更有效地减轻疼痛,因为音乐愉悦度评级和音乐寒意增加)。简单地说,要用音乐最大程度地减轻疼痛、获得愉悦、带来音乐寒意(指听到自己最感动的音乐时可能起鸡皮疙瘩的感觉,英语叫chills或frisson),就要自己而不是由他人选自己熟悉的、曾经最能打动自己的音乐。(论文:https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pain-research/articles/10.3389/fpain.2023.1210572/full) 评“酷炫脑科学:音乐可能是降低人类痛觉的一种安全有效的方法” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P8n4jrSdv 2025-01-06 补充:这不是两个总统全面的比较,只是对比他们的人品(character)。 卡特对我来说有两大特点。他是美国历史上对中美关系持最好、最正面态度的总统之一(也许可以删“之一”)。尼克松有破冰之功,但是是卡特与Dèng公合作,积极帮助中国走上正轨,迈向现代化。其次,卡特与他夫人感情深厚。他说长寿的秘诀是良好的婚姻(the best explanation for that [longevity] is to marry the best spouse: someone who will take care of you and engage and do things to challenge you and keep you alive and interested in life“[对长寿]最好的解释就是与最好的配偶结婚:ta是个会照顾你、参与你、做一些让你动脑筋的事、让你保持活力并对生活感兴趣的人”)。两人关系可追溯到孩提时代,他们有共同的嗜好、共同的信仰,是美国“第一夫妻”婚姻最长纪录的保持者。 转评2025-01-04微博“卡特与川普的比较” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P8ibY1t01 2025-01-05 honor system一般汉译为“荣誉制度”,但honor在这里很难理解为“荣誉”,它的意思是conform to, abide by, act in accordance with (an agreement, treaty, promise, request…)(符合、遵守、按照(协议、条约、承诺、要求等)行事),例:honor the warranty(遵守/履行保修义务) 评“honor system译为‘荣誉制度’” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P8htKrSbn 2025-01-05 是!“颓废”既有有行动或至少有行动意愿的,也有无行动、消极、躺平的,鲁迅的“颓废”是前者。今天的“颓废”一词多取后者义,常与沮丧、消极、精神萎靡等同,但19世纪从法国开始爆发的颓废主义运动更像是前者,也许这正是鲁迅想到的 评“鲁迅生前,确有不少人说他‘颓废’” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P8hosxB7s 2025-01-05 波音737 Max飞控软件核心如MCAS并未交给印度软件公司。MCAS即机动特性增强系统,是它的问题导致两次飞机失事。外包给两家印度公司的软件是飞行显示和测试,很难说他们对飞机失事负有主要责任。另外,737Max依赖单一传感器,从容错的角度讲,这是危险且愚蠢的做法(来源:https://www.industryweek.com/supply-chain/article/22027840/boeings-737-max-software-outsourced-to-9-an-hour-engineers 评“2015年,波音将部分737 MAX的飞控软件开发和测试外包给了两家印度科技公司” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P8gDg68Sg 2025-01-05 用英语写了篇脸书博客,以下是汉译: Medium杂志文章《7个露馅的词让人知道你的文章明显是人工智能写的》 https://medium.com/practice-in-public/these-words-make-it-obvious-that-your-text-is-written-by-ai-9b04f399d88c 在网上传开。作者给出的7个词是: "transformative", "foster/fostering", "tapestry", "this is about/all about", "think of X as", "like/it's like", and "not only...but also"(原文为英语,这7个词的汉译是“变革性的”、“培养”、“挂毯”、“这是关于/全部”、“认为X是”、“像/它就像”、“不仅……而且”) 我找到很多对这篇文章的引用,读了文章末尾1071条评论中的大部分。(这篇文章是付费的,但评论免费。)似乎没有人怀疑作者挑选的7个词。但这个列表是他个人的印象。有人读到过识别人工智能写作的研究吗?从概念上讲,这应该很容易:可以获得一个我们确信是由人工智能撰写的文章样本,算出其中所有词的频率,并将它们与在一个大型语料库中这些词的频率进行比较。然后我们可以很容易地检查该Medium文章给出的词是否有比语料库中这些词的频率更高的统计频率。唯一的困难是,目前可能不容易找到足够多的人工智能撰写的文章。 相信内容作者/编辑编制的词列表有风险。它非常主观,而且容易出错。你真的认为用了“不仅……而且”就表示这个语句或文章是人工智能写的?这听起来绝对荒谬,但到目前为止,没有人质疑这篇文章。我们需要科学的研究,而不是个人的观点。 博客原文: The Medium article "These Words Make it Obvious That Your Text is Written By AI: These 7 words are painfully obvious" by James Presbitero Jr, a Content Writer and Editor, https://medium.com/practice-in-public/these-words-make-it-obvious-that-your-text-is-written-by-ai-9b04f399d88c , is popular on the Internet. The 7 words given by the author are (from https://bestofai.com/article/these-words-make-it-obvious-that-your-text-is-written-by-ai): "transformative", "foster/fostering", "tapestry", "this is about/all about", "think of X as", "like/it's like", and "not only...but also" I found numerous references to the article, and read a large portion of the 1071 comments at the end of the article. (The article is behind a pay wall but the comments are free.) Nobody seems to have doubted the quality of the 7 words the author picked. But the list is from his personal impressions. Has anybody seen a study that tries to identify writing by AI? Conceptually it should be easy. We can get a good sample of articles that we know for sure are written by AI and find the frequencies of all the words (tokens, to be precise) and compare them with the frequencies of these words in a large corpus, which is publicly available. Then we can easily check to see whether the words given by that Medium article indeed have statistically higher frequencies than the frequencies in the corpus. The only challenge is that it may not be easy to find enough articles written by AI at this time. Going by a word list compiled by a content writer / editor is highly risky. It's very subjective, and error-prone. Do you really think "not only...but also" is a tell-tale sign that the sentence or article is written by AI? That sounds absolutely ridiculous, and yet nobody has questioned the article, so far. We definitely need a scientific study, not personal opinions. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://weibo.com/1938059975/P89VFzTTr 2025-01-04 卡特与川普的比较。图1是原文,图2是中文翻译 (Credit:Greg the Science Nerd https://bsky.app/profile/greg1961.bsky.social/post/3lexrpysbw22d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 链接: 2024年微博存档: http://yong321.freeshell.org/misc/WeiboPostings2024.txt