from pp.25-26

581 bisogno need (n.). From Latin *bisonium (“need”; * means unattested). Cognate with French besoin (“need”). It’s better to use a mnemonic. If you already know sogno (“dream”), which is cognate with the root of insomnia, imagine you need something so badly that you even dream of getting it. Example, abbiamo bisogno di più acqua (“we need more water”; aver bisogno di is much more common than necessitare).

582 dichiarare to declare (cognate), to state, to affirm. 597 dichiarazione declaration, statement. From Latin declarare. Latin de- changed to Italian di- and cl- to chi-.

583 intero entire (cognate), whole, full. From Latin adjective integer (“complete”, “whole”). Not to be confused with entrare (“to enter”) or interno (“internal”).

586 nessuno nobody, no one, none. From Latin ne (“not”) + ipse (emphatic or intensifier, literally “him- / her- / it-self”) + unus (“one”). This word, which could be abbreviated as nessun, literally means “not even one”. Just focus on ne (“not”, a Latin not Italian word) and uno (“one”) so it means “not one”. Example, non c’è nessuno qui (“there’s nobody / not anybody here”; note double negative in Italian, in fact, any Romance language).

587 applicare to apply. Note not all senses of English apply uses this word. To say “to apply for (a job) / to (a school)”, say fare domanda per instead. Examples, applicare un po’ di crema solare (“to apply some sunscreen”); la responsabilità dei tribunali di applicare la legge (“the responsibilty of the court to appy / enforce the law”); applicare la mente a (“to put your mind to”).

591 scorso last. From Latin excursus, participle of excurro (“out” + “run”, “run out”). Prefix s- of this word is like ex- and corso (which is past participle of correre) means “run” (past participle of English run). Running out implies “past”. Example, scorso anno / mese / settimana (“last year / month / week”).

593 libertà liberty, freedom. English has two words to express the same concept, but Latin and Romance languages only have one, Italian libertà, Spanish libertad, French liberté. (The word free or freedom is of Germanic origin.)

598 occhio eye. From Latin oclus, oculus (“eye”). Cognate with Spanish ojo, French œil (“eye”), English ocular (“of eye”), with the second element of binocular.

600 pace peace. From Latin pax (as in Pax Romana). Cognate with peace, Spanish paz and French paix (“peace”). This is a false friend of English pace (which would be passo, ritmo in Italian).

602 luce light (fem. n.). From Latin lucem, lux (“light”). Cognate with lucid, with the root of hallucinate. English lux (unit in measuring light intensity) is from this Latin word.

604 comitato committee. Not to be confused with commettere (“to commit”) or some of its inflected forms e.g. commetto (“I commit”). The key is the second vowel, i.

606 estero foreign, overseas, straniero; foreign land or countries. 812 esterno outside, external (cognate), exterior. From Latin exterus, exter (“on the outside”, “external”). These two words can be considered doublets. Note the difference in meaning. To remember which is which, note esterno looks like external so it’s quite literal, while the other one, estero, is less so. If you do need a hint to remember the latter, say estero means “foreign” because it’s external on steroid. Examples, un paese estero / straniero (“a foreign country”); andare / vivere all’estero (“to go / live abroad”); l’aspetto esterno della casa (“the external side / outside of the house”).

607 classe class. The only thing to note is that this word is feminine.

609 percorso path, course, journey, way. Examples, il percorso tra le due città (“the route / way between the two cities”); percorso formativo (“training”, “training path”).

611 vecchio old. From Latin veclus, from vetulus (“old”), which lost the first u and tl changed to cl. Cognate with veteran, Spanish viejo and French vieux (“old”), and with the root of English inveterate. Due to the change within Latin, the two English words do not server as the best clue to vecchio except on the first syllable. As a mnemonic, imagine an old man driving a vehicle, or an old man that vacuums the carpet.

612 male badly; evil. Cognate with prefix mal-. Obviously English male is a false friend. Note the adjective meaning “bad” is a very different word in Italian, cattivo.